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The obvious
answer to this is: No. In this verse the Arabic word ?Ma? has been used to
describe that which was worshipped and ?Ma? is only used to describe lifeless
things (i.e., those things that have no soul, do not live and die etc) for example,
idols, therefore the verse just recited is not applicable to Sayyidna Isa, Sayyida
Maryam, Uzayr (peace be upon them all) or angels. Only lifeless things will be the
fuel of the hell fire as Allah Azawajul
says in the Qur?an:
021.101 Lo!
those unto whom kindness hath gone forth before from Us, they will be far removed
from thence.
021.102 They will not hear the slightest sound thereof, while they abide in that
which their souls desire.
021.103 The Supreme Horror will not grieve them, and the angels will welcome them,
(saying): This is your Day which ye were promised;
Ali: I am now
going to present you a sixth verse of the Qur?an! Brother please remember:
I have studied the Qur?an with my shaykh. I have read the Qur?an myself and I know
exactly what it says. Pious people who have passed away have been worshipped due
to their piety as Allah Most Exalted says in the Qur?an:
009.031 They
have taken as lords beside Allah their rabbis and their monks and the Messiah son
of Mary, when they were bidden to worship only One God. There is no God
save Him. Be He Glorified from all that they ascribe as partner (unto Him)!
The rabbis and
monks are not idols! You may argue that they are Jinn or angels, however I am sorry
to disappoint you by informing you that they are in actual fact humans!
Qadhi: I am
not going to say that they are idols, angels or jinn! However you have taken this
verse out of context and not looked at the verses that come after it, which describes
the Monks and Rabbis as Allah Most Magnificent says in the Qur;an:
009.034 O
ye who believe! Lo! many of the (Jewish) rabbis and the (Christian) monks devour
the wealth of mankind wantonly and debar (men) from the way of Allah. They who hoard
up gold and silver and spend it not in the way of Allah, unto them give tidings
(O Muhammad) of a painful doom,
The description
given here by the Qur?an of the rabbis and monks repudiates any possibility that
they were actually pious! On the contrary, they are described as
·
Devouring
the wealth of mankind
·
Debaring
(men) from the way of Allah
·
Hording
gold and silver for their own desires and certainly not spending it in the way of
Allah
Furthermore,
we learn that they were
·
listeners
for the sake of falsehood
·
listeners
on behalf of other folk who come not unto thee
·
changing
words of Allah
I know this
because Allah says this all in the following verse:
005.041 O
Messenger! Let not them grieve thee who vie one with another in the race to disbelief,
of such as say with their mouths: "We believe," but their hearts believe
not, and of the Jews: listeners for the sake of falsehood, listeners on behalf of
other folk who come not unto thee, changing words from their context and saying:
If this be given unto you, receive it, but if this be not given unto you, then beware!
He whom Allah doometh unto sin, thou (by thine efforts) wilt avail him naught against
Allah. Those are they for whom the Will of Allah is that He cleanse not their hearts.
Theirs in the world will be ignominy, and in the Hereafter an awful doom;
These verses
describe that those monks and rabbis. They were greedy, misleading, liars, trouble
makers and would change the words of Allah! Can you then honestly say that these
monks and rabbis were pious? Surely not! Any person could see that these verses
establish beyond doubt that these people were far from pious. The Christian and
Jewish communities of this time were also aware of the bad character and ill manner
in which the Rabbis and Monks behaved. They also disliked and rebuked those Monks
and Rabbis, so how is it possible that they would worship those for whom they had
no respect or love for?
A question now
arises: If this verse which you presented:
009.031 They
have taken as lords beside Allah their rabbis and their monks and the Messiah son
of Mary, when they were bidden to worship only One God. There is no God
save Him. Be He Glorified from all that they ascribe as partner (unto Him)!
does not mean
the rabbis and monks were worshipped then what does it mean?
The explanation of this verse has to begin by looking at the Arabic word
which has been used to describe Lord. The Arabic word used is ?Rabb? which
translates as Lord or God. In the Qur?an this word is used to describe other than
Allah, for example, King or rulers as Allah Most High says in the Qur?an:
012.050 And
the king said: Bring him unto me. And when the messenger came unto him, he (Joseph)
said: Return unto thy lord and ask him what was the case of the women who
cut their hands. Lo! my Lord knoweth their guile.
In this verse
the word ?Lord? has not been used to describe Allah, but to describe a King. The
Arabic word used in this verse for the King is ?rabb?. This proves that the
word ?rabb? can be used to describe or discuss other than Allah Almighty.
This verse is in fact discussing how, on the one side there was the blessed Prophet
Muhammad (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) preaching the words of Allah
Most High and on the other side, there were the monks and rabbis who were against
Allah and His Messenger, those who ?debar (men) from the way of Allah? (009.034).
The Christians and Jews were denying Allah and His Messenger and agreed with
the monks and rabbis. They were misinterpreting and taking out of context that which
was written about Muhammad (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) in their scriptures.
The reason why they did this is explained in the Qur?an. In short, it was done to
secure financial benefits:
002.041 And
believe in that which I reveal, confirming that which ye possess already (of the
Scripture), and be not first to disbelieve therein, and part not with My revelations
for a trifling price, and keep your duty unto Me.
002.042 Confound not truth with falsehood, nor knowingly conceal the truth.
So we see that
we have Allah and His Messenger (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) conveying
the message of Allah and then on the other hand there were the monks and priests
who were deliberately misguiding their people for money. Allah Most High then tells
the Jews and Christians that He is commanding them on one side and the monks and
rabbis are commanding on the other and they have denied His word and believed theirs,
as if they were gods instead of Him. Furthermore, the Christians and Jews would
worship Sayyidina
Isa (peace be upon him) and not the monks or rabbis. The verses do not say
the Christians and Jews would bow down to the monks or rabbis or sacrifice in their
way, simply because they did not worship them.
They did however, deny Allah and His Messenger,
listening and obeying their monks and rabbis instead:
064 Say:
O People of the Scripture! Come to an agreement between us and you: that we shall
worship none but Allah, and that we shall ascribe no partner unto Him, and
that none of us shall take others for lords beside Allah. And if they
turn away, then say: Bear witness that we are they who have surrendered (unto Him).
The Arabic word
?rabb? has been used in this verse to describe their monks and rabbis which
translate to Lords. This explains that they would worship Sayyidina
Isa (peace b upon him) and obey their
monks and rabbis, further proving that Allah has differentiated between how they
worshipped
sayyidnia Isa (peace be upon him) and how they denied Allah and obeyed their monks
and rabbis. There is a difference between obeying and worshipping which Allah Azawajul has highlighted for us in the
verse which I have just recited.
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Evidence from Hadith
Imam Tirmidhi
writes that Adi bin Hatim was a Christian who came to Madinah to embrace Islam.
When he went to the Prophet Muhammad (may Allah bless him and grant him peace),
the blessed Prophet was reciting the following verse:
009.031 They
have taken as lords beside Allah their rabbis and their monks and the Messiah son
of Mary, when they were bidden to worship only One God. There is no God save Him.
Be He Glorified from all that they ascribe as partner (unto Him)!
When he (may
Allah bless him and grant him peace) had finished his recitation, Adi bin Hatim
questioned him by asking, ?we don?t worship our Monks and Rabbis,? The noble Prophet
(may Allah bless him and grant him peace) replied, ?Yes this is true that you do
not worship them but do you not accept what your monks and rabbis say to be lawful
as lawful and what is unlawful as unlawful, this is worship??
All this proves
that the way in which the Jews and Christians worshipped their Monks and Rabbis
was completely different to the manner in which the polytheists of Makkah worshipped
their idols. The Christians and Jews denied Allah?s laws and accepted the laws of
their monks and rabbis: this was their worship. Finally I would just like to summarize
what has been proven under the verse we have been discussing:
·
The
Monks and Rabbis were not dead
·
The
Monks and Rabbis were not pious
·
The
Christians and Jews would not worship the Rabbis & Monks in the same manner
the polytheists of Makkah worshipped their idols.
·
The
word ?rabb? which has been used in the verse, is used to describe the monks
and rabbis and rulers
·
Hadith
which clarifies what is meant by ?worship?
Ali: But
what about the hadith that is narrated in Bukhari by 'Aisha and 'Abdullah
bin 'Abbas that states:
When the last moment of the life of Allah's Apostle came he started putting his
'Khamisa' on his face and when he felt hot and short of breath he took it off his
face and said, "May Allah curse the Jews and Christians for they built the
places of worship at the graves of their Prophets."
This hadith
has been mentioned in Bukhari and Muslim under the chapter ?Masajid.? It clearly
proves that deceased Prophets had been worshipped by the Jews and Christians. Do
you say that they have not been worshipped? Are you denying an authentic hadith?
Qadhi: This
is an amazing transformation brother! At the beginning of pur conversation you were
pleading me not to refer to any hadith, yet you yourself
have presented a hadith! To answer this question I will give you the objections
that shaykh Abdi? (the Khariji) gave to this narration; he himself was a ?great?
kharji!
Shaykh Abdi?
said:
·
The
main narrator of this hadith is ?Urwa?. His students must have made a mistake
in narrating this hadith as well as understanding this hadith.
·
All
small and minor sins of the Jews and Christians have been mentioned in the Qur?an.
If the Jews and Christians did bow down to the graves of their Prophets as worship
then why has this not been mentioned in the Qur?an?
·
It
is not mentioned in any historical Jewish books that they carried out the practice
mentioned in this hadith.
·
The
tradition of worshipping the graves of Prophets has never existed in Jewish tradition.
If so, then how did this tradition come about and how could it suddenly stop?
·
Hafidh
Ibn Taymiyyah writes that no-one is aware of where any of the graves of the previous
Prophets are, apart from the grave of the beloved Prophet Muhammad (may Allah bless
him and grant him peace) [ See Rad-dul Ahkna?I,
Ibn Taymiyyah]. So if we are not even aware of where any of the graves of the Prophets
are then how could anyone worship them?
As for the Christians:
·
The
only ?Christian? Prophet is Isa (peace be upon him), and he is still alive, so he
cannot possibly have a grave. How then would Christians have bowed down to his grave?
·
The
Christians also believe that Isa (peace be upon him) rose from his grave. According
to Christian scriptures, Mary Magdalin (a companion of Isa) saw his tomb empty after
three days. Therefore he was not in his grave and could not have been bowed down
to.
·
If
bowing down to Isa (peace be upon him) ?invisible grave? was a Christian practice
then how did it suddenly stop?
The aforementioned
are objections made on this narration by a Khariji shaykh, which I am sure is sufficient
enough for you. Therefore you cannot use this narration as evidence as it will not
support you, seeing what you wanted to prove Shaykh Abd?I Khwaarij has destroyed.
Personally, I say this narration is true and that the Jews and Christians did build
places of worship at the graves of their Prophets. Since the hadith does not suggest
that they worshipped the Prophet?s, and there is no problem here if they are worshipping
Allah alone. Also building a Masjid (place of worship) near a grave is permissible
as Allah Almighty says in the Qur?an:
018.021 And
in like manner We disclosed them (to the people of the city) that they might know
that the promise of Allah is true, and that, as for the Hour, there is no doubt
concerning it. When (the people of the city) disputed of their case among themselves,
they said: Build over them a building;
their Lord knoweth best concerning them. Those who won their point said:
We verily shall build a place of worship over them.
This verse proves
that Muslims have built Mosques over (or near) the graves of the pious and Allah
did not repudiate this practice. After all, the Mosque of the blessed Prophet (may
Allah bless him and grant him peace) is the most visited place of worship after
the Ka?bah, and it encapsulates the grave of our beloved Prophet (may Allah bless
him and grant him peace).
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Question
A question arises
that if building a place of worship near the graves of the pious is permissible,
then why did the blessed Prophet curse the people who built these places of worship
near the graves of the pious?
Answer
Sometimes hadiths
are narrated from different routes with different words. Some have more words than
others, but when one observes all the routes and words you can get a cleared understanding
of what is actually being said. In the same way, the narration you have presented
has come down to us from different routes. One route is as follows:
Imam Bukhari writes
Narrated 'Aisha:
When the Prophet became ill, some of his wives talked about a church which they
had seen in
Ethiopia
and it was called Mariya. Um Salma and Um Habiba had been to
Ethiopia
, and both of them narrated its (the Church's) beauty and the pictures it
contained. The Prophet raised his head and said, "Those are the people who,
whenever a pious man dies amongst them, make a place of worship at his grave and
then they make those pictures in it. Those are the worst creatures in the
Sight of Allah."
From this we
learn that the crime the people were committing was not in actual fact building
a place of worship but was the placing of pictures in them! To make pictures is
haram anyhow, and to make pictures of the Prophets and pious is even worse!
Imam Bukhari writes:
Narrated 'Aun bin Abu Juhaifa:
My father bought a slave who practiced the profession of cupping. (My father broke
the slave's instruments of cupping). I asked my father why he had done so. He replied,
"The Prophet forbade the acceptance of the price of a dog or blood, and also
forbade the profession of tattooing, getting tattooed and receiving or giving Riba,
(usury), and cursed the picture-makers."
From this hadith, we understand
that the reason for the Prophet cursing was not due to the fact that they built
places of worship near the graves of the pious but because they made pictures and
placed them in the place of worship. Even if the hadiths said that the Christians
and Jews did in fact bow down to the graves of the pious, it is still not a form
of worship, because there are two types of ?sajda? (bowing down): one ?sajda?
is for worship and the other type is for respect. It is the same way that the angels
bowed down to Adam (peace be upon him) and when Sayyidina Yaqub (peace be upon him)
and his sons bowed down to Sayyidina Yusuf (peace be upon him). It was merely as
a sign of respect.
Ali: Brother
Qadhi. I feel as if you are not giving me a chance to explain myself, therefore
I want to begin another topic. I want to ask you that when you ask the pious for
help, is this not worship? Allah has informed us again and again not to ask help
from other than Him, so why do you continue to carry out this practice? However
before I present the verses of the Qur?an concerning this matter I would like to
ask you another question, which by the way has nothing to do with my Shaykh, it
is a personal question. I want to know why you think that mankind went astray and
worshipped besides Allah?
Qadhi: This
is a very interesting question, though the Qur?an does not explain why mankind started
to worship something made of stone etc. However, we are aware that Iblis inspired
people to worship idols by using three different techniques,
·
Iblis
would enter the idols and speak
·
He
would use the soothsayers to mislead the people.
·
He
would misguide the people with his whispers
·
One
narration says that the idols originated from the pious of earlier generations,
which we have previously discussed and explained.
Imam Tabari,
Hafidh Ibn Kathir and Muhammad bin Ishaq all write that Iblis was ?friends? with
the generation of Qabil and he commanded the generation of Qabil to create idols,
which they did! They would then hear voices from the idols which in reality was
Iblis. He told a particular portion of Qabil?s generation to create idols in the
image of Allah and His angels; they would also hear Iblis speak from these idols
and because the people thought that angels were the daughters of Allah
Azawajul (I seek shelter in Allah!) they gave the idols the female names
of ?Uzza, Mannat and Lat.? Furthermore, the polytheists used to make twaaf
around the Kabah and whenever they left Makkah they would always take a stone of
Makkah to represent the Kabah. They would take the stone and place it on the floor
of where they had traveled to and would circulate it (make twaaf). Sometimes
Iblis would enter the stone and speak. The stone would say ?I am your Lord!? The
people would be extremely impressed and stunned that they then started believing
that this stone was god and began worshipping it.
This proves
to us that humans would only worship something if it was perceived to be extraordinary
or supernatural, which would convince the people that the stone is god. Otherwise
it is very hard to believe that humans can sit in front of stone which has no power
and worship it. It is the voice of the Iblis which entered the idols causing the
people to believe the idols are god.
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An Interesting Incident
Once Makkah
had been conquered by Muhamamd (may Allah bless him and grant him peace), the Prophet
of Allah commanded his companions to find all the idols which were worshipped by
the polytheists and destroy them. The blessed Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant
him peace) sent Khalid bin Walid (may Allah be pleased with him) to destroy the
idol, ?Uzza?. Khalid bin Walid went and found this particular idol and broke it
into two pieces. He then went back to the Prophet to inform him the job was done.
However, the Prophet commanded him to go back again and destroy the idol for a second
time, whereupon Khalid bin Walid went back for a second time and broke the idol
into three pieces. He returned to the Prophet, but again, the prophet was dissatisfied
and told Khalid bin Walid to go for a third time, and destroy the idol, whereupon
Khalid bin Walid did as he was told and for a final time went to Uzza and smashed
it into small pieces, until a black woman with long black hair emerged from the
broken pieces. Khalid bin Walid immediately reached for his sword and recited the
kalima then killed the woman. He then
returned to the Prophet and explained what had happened. The blessed Prophet (may
Allah bless him and grant him peace) then said ?Indeed this was Uzza, whom the polytheists
would worship and after today she will never be worshipped again?.
Another Incident
Another example
of how people would worship stone once they had seen an amazing occurrence is when
a man called ?Simiri? created a calf made of gold. Sayyidnia Jibril (peace be upon
him) had descended from the heavens and his foot had touched the mud on the ground.
Coincidently, Simiri threw that very mud over his calf and his calf became alive
and began talking to the people. This was the nation of Musa (peace be upon him),
a nation of approximately six million people. This is precisely the reason why people
have worshipped idols: they usually displayed some sort of miracle that would convince
the people that it possessed divine powers or was a god! As Allah tells us in the
Qur?an about Simiri and the nation of Musa (peace be upon him):
020.087 They
said: We broke not tryst with thee of our own will, but we were laden with burdens
of ornaments of the folk, then cast them (in the fire), for thus As-Samiri proposed.
020.088 Then he produced for them a calf, of saffron hue, which gave forth
a lowing sound. And they cried: This is your god and the god of Moses, but
he hath forgotten.
020.089 See they not, then, that it returneth no saying unto them and possesseth
for them neither hurt nor use ?
020.095 (Moses)
said: And what hast thou to say, O Samiri ?
020.096 He said: I perceived what they perceive not, so I seized a handful
from the footsteps of the messenger, and then threw it in. Thus my soul commended
to me
These verses
prove that the calf was speaking and this caused the nation of Musa (peace be upon
him) to worship the calf.
The existence of Soothsayers
(Kaahin)
The soothsayers
were those who were informed by Iblis and the Jinn of what was being said and planned
in the heavens. The soothsayers would then inform people who would then know things
in advance, such as, if someone were to die or if there was to be rain. In this
way, the soothsayers were given a high status.
052.029 Therefore
warn (men, O Muhammad). By the grace of Allah thou art neither soothsayer nor madman.
069.042 Nor
diviner's (soothsayer) speech - little is it that ye remember!
These verses
prove the existence of soothsayers. Verse 052:029 talks of when the polythesists
of Makkah thought that Muhamamd (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) was a
madman or a soothsayer, but Allah Most Kind revealed the above verse to confirm
he was neither: he is the Messenger of Allah
Soothsayers are ?friends? with Iblis
The soothsayers
were very well respected. Once they heard from Iblis and from the bad jinn as to
what was being discussed in the heavens, they would inform the people. Sometimes
what they ?predicted? would become a reality, and it was due to this that people
became mislead. As Allah Almighty says in the Qur?an:
026.221 Shall
I inform you upon whom the devils descend ?
026.222 They descend on every sinful, false one.
026.223 They listen eagerly, but most of them are liars.
In these verses
Allah talks of the ?liars? which were the Kaahin, the soothsayers.
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Iblis was able to listen to what was
being said in the heavens!!
026.223 They
listen eagerly, but most of them are liars.
037.006 Lo!
We have adorned the lowest heaven with an ornament, the planets;
037.007 With security from every froward devil.
037.008 They cannot listen to the Highest Chiefs for they are pelted from every
side,
037.009 Outcast, and theirs is a perpetual torment;
037.010 Save him who snatcheth a fragment, and there pursueth him a piercing flame.
072.008 And
(the Jinn who had listened to the Qur'an said): We had sought the heaven but had
found it filled with strong warders and meteors.
072.009 And we used to sit on places (high) therein to listen. But he who listeneth
now findeth a flame in wait for him;
It is proven
from these verses that the devils would listen to what was being said in the heavens
by the angels. But then Allah sent his meteors and flames to prevent them from listening!
Proof from Hadith
Imam Bukhari
writes:
Narrated Abu
Huraira:
The Prophet said, "When Allah has ordained some affair in the Heaven, the angels
beat with their wings in obedience to His statement, which sounds like a chain dragged
over a rock." ('Ali and other sub-narrators said, "The sound reaches them.")
"Until when fear is banished from their (angels) hearts, they (angels) say,
'What was it that your Lord said? They say, 'The truth; And He is the Most High,
the Most Great.' (34.23) Then those who gain a hearing by steAling (i.e. devils)
will hear Allah's Statement: 'Those who gain a hearing by steAling, (stand one over
the other like this).
(Sufyan, to illustrate this, spread the fingers of his right hand and placed them
one over the other horizontally.) A flame may overtake and burn the eavesdropper
before conveying the news to the one below him; or it may not overtake him till
he has conveyed it to the one below him, who in his turn, conveys it to the one
below him, and so on till they convey the news to the earth. (Or probably Sufyan
said, "Till the news reaches the earth.") Then the news is inspired to
a sorcerer who would add a hundred lies to it. His prophecy will prove true (as
far as the heavenly news is concerned). The people will say. 'Didn't he tell us
that on such-and-such a day, such-and-such a thing will happen? We have found that
is true because of the true news heard from heaven."
Iblis is able to talk to humans
Imam Bukhari writes:
Narrated 'Aisha:
When it was the day of Uhud, the pagans were defeated. Then Iblis, Allah's Curse
be upon him, cried loudly, "O Allah's Worshippers, beware of what is behind!"
On that, the front files of the (Muslim) forces turned their backs and started fighting
with the back files. Hudhaifa looked, and on seeing his father Al-Yaman, he shouted,
"O Allah's Worshippers, my father, my father!" But by Allah, they did
not stop till they killed him. Hudhaifa said, "May Allah forgive you."
(The sub-narrator, 'Urwa, said, "By Allah, Hudhaifa continued asking Allah's
Forgiveness for the killers of his father till he departed to Allah (i.e. died)."
The polytheists of Makkah
obeyed the
Idols and Soothsayers (Kaahin)
006.137 Thus
have their (so-called) partners (of Allah) made the killing of their children to
seem fair unto many of the idolaters, that they may ruin them and make their faith
obscure for them. Had Allah willed (it otherwise), they had not done so. So leave
them alone with their devices.
042.021 Or
have they partners (of Allah) who have made lawful for them in religion that which
Allah allowed not ? And but for a decisive word (gone forth already), it would have
been judged between them. Lo! for wrong-doers is a painful doom.
These last two
verses prove that the polytheists of Makkah obeyed the commands of the soothsayer
and idols. In turn, the soothsayers and idols were commanded and mislead by Iblis
and they would then command and mislead people. The soothsayers and idols would
make commands (such as mentioned in verse
006.13) such as killing of their children and make it appear fair
to their worshippers. Furthermore, they would make lawful that which Allah
Azawajul had forbade and they forbade that which Allah made lawful.
?We enjoyed one another?
006.128 In
the day when He will gather them together (He will say): O ye assembly of the jinn!
Many of humankind did ye seduce. And their adherents among humankind will say: Our
Lord! We enjoyed one another, but now we have arrived at the appointed term
which Thou appointedst for us. He will say: Fire is your home. Abide therein for
ever, save him whom Allah willeth (to deliver). Lo! thy Lord is Wise, Aware.
From this verse
we understand that when Allah Most Glorious will question the idolaters they will
say to Allah We enjoyed one another, meaning we benefited from one
another. The only manner in which the idolaters directly benefited from Iblis was
by the information they received from the soothsayers via Iblis which helped them
in worldly matters. Apart from this one way, the polytheists have never directly
benefited from Iblis in any other way.
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Astrologers
Some of the
polytheists of Makkah worshipped the stars and moon, and in particular one star
named ?Sirius?. Just as today where astrologers write horoscopes, this was also
carried out during the time of the polytheists of Makkah. The astrologers would
have informed the polytheists of their future based on the position of the stars,
which caused people to believe that stars (and planets) had an immense amount of
importance and therefore began to worship them. Another reason why they worshipped
the planets may have been because the sun, moon and stars gave benefit such as producing
light and causing plants to grow therefore they are beneficial and are entitled
to be worshipped. Allah Azawajul informs
us of how the polytheists of Makkah worshipped the stars, sun and moon:
041.037 And
of His portents are the night and the day and the sun and the moon. Adore not the
sun not the moon; but adore Allah Who created them, if it is in truth Him Whom ye
worship.
053.049 And
that He it is Who is the Lord of Sirius;
The Whispers of Iblis
From the verses
that I have mentioned, it should prove that it was Iblis who mislead the people
through medium of the Idols and soothsayers. However, he also misled people directly
as Allah Most Glorious informs us in the Qur?an: mankind was one community until
Iblis caused hatred amongst them:
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